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Forge allows you to work with Git forges, such as Github and Gitlab, from the comfort of Magit and the rest of Emacs.
This manual is for Forge version 0.3.2.50-git.
Copyright (C) 2018-2023 Jonas Bernoulli <jonas@bernoul.li>
You can redistribute this document and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
Next: Supported Forges and Hosts, Previous: Forge User and Developer Manual, Up: Forge User and Developer Manual [Contents][Index]
Forge allows you to work with Git forges, such as Github and Gitlab, from the comfort of Magit and the rest of Emacs.
Forge fetches issues, pull-requests and other data using the forge’s API and stores that in a local database. Additionally it fetches the pull-request references using Git. Forge implements various features that use this data but the database and pull-request refs can also be used by third-party packages.
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Currently Forge supports two forges and three more forges partially. Additionally it supports four semi-forges. Support for more forges and semi-forges can and will be added.
Both forges and semi-forges provide web interfaces for Git repositories. Forges additionally support pull-requests and issues and make those and other information available using an API.
When a forge is only partially supported, then that means that only the functionality that does not require the API is implemented, or in other words, that the forge is only supported as a semi-forge.
A host is a particular instance of a forge. For example the hosts
https://gitlab.com and https://salsa.debian.org are both instances of
the Gitlab forge. Forge supports some well known hosts out of the box
and additional hosts can easily be supported by adding entries to the
option forge-alist.
For more details about the caveats mentioned below (and some others) also see Getting Started.
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Forge’s support for Github can be considered the "reference implementation". Support for other forges can lag behind a bit.
forge.graphqlItemLimit git variable or the field "GQL
entity limit" in a status buffer.
updated_at field being updated when
appropriate. For Github pull-requests at least, that is not always
done.
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This is the next forge whose API will be supported.
Once Gitea is supported it should be fairly simple to support Gogs too, because the former is a fork of the latter and the APIs seem to still be very similar.
I don’t plan to support Bitbucket’s API any time soon, and it gets less likely that I will every do it every time I look at it.
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Next: Usage, Previous: Supported Forges and Hosts, Up: Forge User and Developer Manual [Contents][Index]
Initial setup turned out to more challenging for many users than I had hoped. I am trying to counter that by providing detailed instructions that cover not just the happy path but also many of the issues users have ran into in the past. The recommended reading is longer than one might wish, but skipping it does not necessarily save time.
Forge uses the Ghub package to access the APIs of supported forges. How this works and how to create and store a token is documented in (ghub)Getting Started. Please read that in full before coming back here and continuing with the subsections listed below.
https://github.com/magit/forge/wiki lists additional resources; including a link to a much shorter quick-start guide provided by a user.
Next: Token Creation, Up: Getting Started [Contents][Index]
Loading Magit doesn’t cause Forge to be loaded automatically. Adding something like this to your init file takes care of that:
(with-eval-after-load 'magit (require 'forge))
Or if you use use-package:
(use-package forge :after magit)
Next: Initial Pull, Previous: Loading Forge, Up: Getting Started [Contents][Index]
Forge uses the Ghub package to access the APIs of supported Git forges. How this works and how to create and store a token is documented in (ghub)Getting Started.
Ghub used to provide a setup wizard, but that had to be removed for reasons given in the manual just mentioned. Nowadays there is no way around reading the documentation and doing this manually I am afraid.
Forge requires the following token scopes.
repo grants full read/write access to private and public
repositories.
user grants access to profile information.
read:org grants read-only access to organization membership.
More information about these and other scopes can be found at https://docs.github.com/en/developers/apps/scopes-for-oauth-apps.
api is the only required scope. It gives read
and write access to everything. The Gitlab API provides more
fine-grained scopes for read-only access, but when any write access
at all is required, then it is all or nothing.
Next: Repository Detection, Previous: Token Creation, Up: Getting Started [Contents][Index]
To start using Forge in a certain repository visit the Magit status
buffer for that repository and type f n (forge-pull). Alternatively,
you can use M-x forge-add-repository, which makes it possible to add a
forge repository without pulling all topics and even without having to
clone the respective Git repository.
You must set up a token before you can add the first repository. See Token Creation.
The first time forge-pull is run in a repository, an entry for that
repository is added to the database and a new value is added to the
Git variable remote.<remote>.fetch, which fetches all pull-requests.
(+refs/pull/*/head:refs/pullreqs/* for Github)
forge-pull then fetches topics and other information using the forge’s
API and pull-request references using Git.
The initial fetch can take a while but most of that is done asynchronously. Storing the information in the database is done synchronously though, so there can be a noticeable hang at the end. Subsequent fetches are much faster.
Fetching issues from Github is much faster than fetching from other forges because making a handful of GraphQL requests is much faster than making hundreds of REST requests.
Next: Caveats, Previous: Initial Pull, Up: Getting Started [Contents][Index]
Ghub does not associate a given local repository with a repository on
a forge. The Forge package itself takes care of this. In doing so it
ignores the Git variable ghub.host and other *.host variables used by
Ghub. (But github.user and other variables used to specify the user
are honored).
Forge associates the local repository with a forge repository by first
determining which remote is associated with the upstream repository
and then looking that up in forge-alist.
If only one remote exists, then Forge uses that unconditionally. To
reduce the number of support requests, this is even the case if the
Git variable forge.remote names another, non-existent, remote.
If several remotes exist, then a remote may be selected based on its name. Almost always we want to fetch the data associated with the upstream repository, so that is what the logic described here tries to achieve. The convention is to name the upstream remote "origin", and if that convention were universally followed, then things would be trivial. However many people name the upstream remote "upstream", which also makes sense.
Note, however, that even though a surprising number of people do just that, it does not make any sense to use the name "origin" to refer to a fork; not even to your own fork. A fork is a copy of the original, "copy" is an antonym for "original", and the word "origin" is not only closely related to but even contained in the word "original". Naming a fork the "origin" is at best extremely confusing.
- copy
a thing made to be similar or identical to another.
- original
the earliest form of something, from which copies may be made.
- origin
the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived.
If several remotes exist, then the following remote names are tried in order and the first remote thus named that exists in the repository is used.
forge.remote, if set. If the
variable has a value but no remote by the specified name exists,
then a warning is shown, but otherwise this conflict is ignored.
This behavior is arguably odd, but due to historic and pragmatic
reasons it is the least painful path forward.
upstream, if it exists.
origin, if it exists.
The remote named "upstream" is preferred over the remote named "origin" because the existence of the former strongly suggests that the latter is either not used in this repository (in which case the order does not matter) or else it is abused as the name of a fork (in which case "upstream" must be preferred).
The value of this variable specifies the remote from which Forge fetches data. It is usually best to leave this unspecified and to rely on the behavior described above.
If the remote has to be specified explicitly, then this should be done locally, for a single repository.
Only ever set this globally, if you consistently use a certain name to refer to the upstream repository and it isn’t one of "upstream" or "origin", and you never use that name to refer to a repository that does not refer to the upstream repository.
forge-forge.remote) ¶This command changes the value of the forge.remote Git variable in
the current repository.
If this variable is set, then Forge uses the remote by that name, if
it exists, the same way it may have used origin if the the variable
were undefined. I.e. it does not fall through to try origin if no
remote by your chosen name exists.
Once the upstream remote has been determined, Forge looks it up in
forge-alist, using the host part of the URL as the key. For example
the key for git@github.com:magit/forge.git is github.com.
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forge-pull-topic.
Next: FAQ, Previous: Getting Started, Up: Forge User and Developer Manual [Contents][Index]
Once information has been pulled from a repository’s forge for the first time, Forge adds two additional sections, named "Pull requests" and "Issues" to Magit’s status buffer. It is also possible to add a repository to the local database without pulling all the data, which is useful if you want to create a single pull-request.
forge-add-repository) ¶This command adds a repository to the database.
It offers to either pull topics (now and in the future) or to only
pull individual topics when the user invokes forge-pull-topic.
Some of Forge’s commands are only bound when point is within one of these sections but other commands are also available elsewhere in Magit’s status buffer and/or from Magit’s transient commands.
forge-dispatch) ¶This prefix command is available in any Magit buffer and provides access to several of the available Forge commands. Most of these commands are also bound elsewhere, but some are not. See the following sections for information about the available commands.
Throughout this manual you will find many bindings that begin with
N, but if you prefer to continue to use forge-dispatch’s older
binding you can substitute ' for that.
The commands that fetch forge data are available from the same
transient prefix command (magit-fetch on f) that is used to fetch Git
data. If option magit-pull-or-fetch is non-nil, then they are also
available from the magit-pull transient (on F).
forge-pull) ¶This command uses a forge’s API to fetch topics and other information about the current repository and stores the fetched information in the database. It also fetches notifications for all repositories from the same forge host. (Currently this is limited to Github.) Finally it fetches pull-request references using Git.
After using this command for the first time in a given repository the status buffer for that repository always lists the pull-requests and issues. See Initial Pull.
forge-pull-notifications) ¶This command uses a forge’s API to fetch all notifications from that forge including, but not limited to, the notifications for the current repository.
Fetching all notifications fetches associated topics even if you
have not started fetching all topics for the respective repositories
(using forge-pull), but it does not cause the topics to be listed in
the status buffer of such "uninitialized" repositories.
Note how pulling data from a forge’s API works the same way as pulling Git data does; you do it explicitly when you want to see the work done by others.
This is less disruptive, more reliable, and easier to understand than if Forge did the pulling by itself at random intervals. It might however mean that you occasionally invoke a command expecting the most recent data to be available and then have to abort to pull first. The same can happen with Git, e.g. you might attempt to merge a branch that you know exists but haven’t actually pulled yet.
forge-pull-topic) ¶This command uses a forge’s API to fetch a single pull-request and stores it in the database.
Normally you wouldn’t want to pull a single pull-request by itself, but due to a bug in the Github API you might sometimes have to do so.
Fetching is implemented under the assumption that the API can be
asked to list the things that have changed since we last checked.
Unfortunately the APIs are not bug-free, so this is not always the
case. If in doubt, then re-fetch an individual topic to ensure it
is up-to-date using the command forge-pull-topic.
Next: Working with Topics, Previous: Pulling, Up: Usage [Contents][Index]
Forge provides commands for creating and checking out a new branch or
work tree from a pull-request. These commands are available from the
same transient prefix commands as the suffix commands used to create
and check out branches and work trees in a more generic fashion
(magit-branch on b and magit-worktree on %).
forge-branch-pullreq) ¶This command creates and configures a new branch from a pull-request, creating and configuring a new remote if necessary.
The name of the local branch is the same as the name of the remote
branch that you are being asked to merge, unless the contributor
could not be bothered to properly name the branch before opening the
pull-request. The most likely such case is when you are being asked
to merge something like "fork/master" into "origin/master". In such
cases the local branch will be named "pr-N", where N is the
pull-request number.
These variables are always set by this command:
branch.<name>.pullRequest is set to the pull-request number.
branch.<name>.pullRequestRemote is set to the remote on which the
pull-request branch is located.
branch.<name>.pushRemote is set to the same remote as
branch.<name>.pullRequestRemote if that is possible, otherwise
it is set to the upstream remote.
branch.<name>.description is set to the pull-request title.
branch.<name>.rebase is set to true because there should be no
merge commits among the commits in a pull-request.
This command also configures the upstream and the push-remote of the local branch that it creates.
The branch against which the pull-request was opened is always used as the upstream. This makes it easy to see what commits you are being asked to merge in the section titled something like "Unmerged into origin/master".
Like for other commands that create a branch, it depends on the
option magit-branch-prefer-remote-upstream whether the remote branch
itself or the respective local branch is used as the upstream, so
this section may also be titled e.g. "Unmerged into master".
When necessary and possible, the remote pull-request branch is configured to be used as the push-target. This makes it easy to see what further changes the contributor has made since you last reviewed their changes in the section titled something like "Unpulled from origin/new-feature" or "Unpulled from fork/new-feature".
remote.pushDefault to that repository.
However some users like to set that variable to their personal
fork, even if they have push access to the upstream, so
branch.<name>.pushRemote is set anyway.
The most likely such case is when you are being asked to merge something like "fork/master" into "origin/master". The special push permission mentioned above is never granted for the branch that is the repository’s default branch, and that would almost certainly be the case in this scenario.
To enable you to easily push somewhere anyway, the local branch
is named "pr-N" (where N is the pull-request number) and the
upstream repository is used as the push-remote.
The push-remote is configured using branch.<name>.pushRemote, even
if the used value is identical to that of remote.pushDefault, just
in case you change the value of the latter later on. Additionally
the variable branch.<name>.pullRequestRemote is set to the remote
on which the pull-request branch is located.
forge-checkout-pullreq) ¶This command creates and configures a new branch from a pull-request
the same way forge-branch-pullreq does. Additionally it checks out
the new branch.
forge-checkout-worktree) ¶This command creates and configures a new branch from a pull-request
the same way forge-branch-pullreq does. Additionally it checks out
the new branch using a new working tree.
This function is used by forge-checkout-worktree to read read the
new worktree directory where it checks out to pull-request. It
takes the pull-request as the only argument and must return a
directory.
When you delete a pull-request branch, which was created using one of
the above three commands, then magit-branch-delete usually offers to
also delete the corresponding remote. It does not offer to delete a
remote if (1) the remote is the upstream remote, and/or (2) if other
branches are being fetched from the remote.
Note that you have to delete the local branch (e.g. "feature") for this to work. If you delete the tracking branch (e.g "fork/feature"), then the remote is never removed.
Next: Miscellaneous, Previous: Branching, Up: Usage [Contents][Index]
We call both issues and pull-requests "topics". The contributions to the conversation are called "posts".
Next: Listing Topics and Notifications, Up: Working with Topics [Contents][Index]
Magit’s status buffer contains lists of issues and pull-requests. Topics are ordered by last modification time. All open issues and some recently edited and closed topics are listed.
Forge provides some commands that act on the listed topics. These commands can also be used in other contexts, such as when point is on a commit or branch section.
forge-browse-TYPE) ¶forge-browse-dwim)forge-browse-remote)forge-browse-issues)forge-browse-pullreqs)forge-browse-topic)forge-browse-issue)forge-browse-pullreq)These commands visit the topic, issue(s), pull-request(s), post, branch, commit, or remote at point in a browser.
This is implemented using various commands named forge-browse-TYPE,
and the key binding is defined by remapping magit-browse-thing (as
defined in magit-mode-map). For commit sections this key is bound
to forge-browse-dwim, which prefers a topic over a branch and a
branch over a commit.
forge-visit-TYPE) ¶forge-visit-topic)forge-visit-topic)forge-visit-issue)forge-visit-pullreq)These commands visit the pull-request(s), issue(s), or repository in a separate buffer.
The RET binding is only available when point is on a issue or
pull-request section because that key is already bound to something
else for most of Magit’s own sections. C-c C-v however is also
available on regular commit (e.g. in a log) and branch sections.
This is implemented using various commands named forge-visit-TYPE
and the key binding is defined by remapping magit-visit-thing (as
defined in magit-mode-map).
Next: Creating Topics, Previous: Visiting Topics, Up: Working with Topics [Contents][Index]
By default Forge lists a subset of topics directly in the Magit status buffer. It also provides commands to list topics and notifications in separate buffers.
Forge adds the following two functions to magit-status-sections-hook:
This function inserts a list of the most recent and/or open pull-requests.
This function inserts a list of the most recent and/or open issues.
This option limits the number of topics listed by the above functions.
All unread topics are always shown. If the value of this option has
the form (OPEN . CLOSED), then the integer OPEN specifies the
maximal number of topics and CLOSED specifies the maximal number of
closed topics. IF CLOSED is negative then show no closed topics
until the command forge-toggle-closed-visibility changes the sign.
This command toggles whether the above two functions list recently closed issues in the current buffer.
The following three functions are also suitable for
magit-status-sections-hook:
This function inserts a list of open pull-requests that are assigned to you.
This function inserts a list of open pull-requests that are awaiting your review.
This function inserts a list of open pull-requests that are authored by you.
This function inserts a list of open issues that are assigned to you.
This function inserts a list of open issues that are authored by you.
The following commands list repositories, notifications and topics in dedicated buffers:
forge-list-repositories) ¶This command lists all known repositories in a separate buffer.
forge-list-notifications) ¶This command lists all notifications for all forges in a separate buffer.
forge-list-pullreqs) ¶This command lists the current repository’s pull-requests in a separate buffer.
forge-list-issues) ¶This command lists the current repository’s issues in a separate buffer.
This command lists the current repository’s open pull-requests that are labeled with a label read from the user.
This command lists the current repository’s open issues that are labeled with a label read from the user.
This command lists the current repository’s open pull-requests that are assigned to you in a separate buffer.
This command lists the current repository’s open issues that are assigned to you in a separate buffer.
This command lists pull-requests of the current repository that are awaiting your review in a separate buffer.
This command lists the current repository’s open pull-requests that are authored by you in a separate buffer.
This command lists the current repository’s open issues that are authored by you in a separate buffer.
This command lists open pull-requests from all the repositories that
you own. Options forge-owned-accounts and forge-owned-ignored
controls which repositories are considered to be owned by you. Only
Github is supported for now.
This command lists open issues from all the repositories that
you own. Options forge-owned-accounts and forge-owned-ignored
controls which repositories are considered to be owned by you. Only
Github is supported for now.
This is an alist of accounts that are owned by you. This should
include your username as well as any organization that you own.
Used by the commands forge-list-owned-issues,
forge-list-owned-pullreqs and forge-fork.
Each element has the form (ACCOUNT . PLIST). The following
properties are currently being used:
remote-name The default name suggested by forge-fork for a fork
created within this account. If unspecified, then the name of the
account is used.
Example: (("tarsius") ("emacsmirror" remote-name "mirror")).
This is a list of repository names that are considered to not be
owned by you even though they would have been considered to be owned
by you based on forge-owned-accounts.
Next: Editing Topics and Posts, Previous: Listing Topics and Notifications, Up: Working with Topics [Contents][Index]
forge-create-pullreq) ¶This command creates a new pull-request for the current repository.
forge-create-issue) ¶This command creates a new issue for the current repository.
Previous: Creating Topics, Up: Working with Topics [Contents][Index]
We call both issues and pull-requests "topics". The contributions to the conversation are called "posts". The post that initiated the conversation is also called a post.
These commands are available only from the topic buffer (i.e. from the
buffer that shows the posts on a topic). Other commands that also
work in other buffers are available here also. For example C-c C-w on
a post visits that post in a browser.
forge-create-post) ¶This command allows users to create a new post on an existing topic.
It opens a buffer in which the user can write the post. When the
post is done, then the user has to submit using C-c C-c.
If the region is active and marks part of an existing post, then that part of the post is quoted. Otherwise, or if a prefix argument is used, then the complete post that point is currently on is quoted.
forge-edit-post) ¶This command visits an existing post in a separate buffer. When the
changes to the post are done, then the user has to submit using C-c
C-c.
forge-edit-topic-title) ¶This command reads a new title for an existing topic in the minibuffer.
forge-edit-topic-state) ¶This command toggles the state of an existing topic between "open" and "closed".
forge-edit-topic-draft) ¶This command toggles whether an existing topic is a draft or not.
forge-edit-topic-labels) ¶This command reads a list of labels for an existing topic in the minibuffer.
forge-edit-topic-marks) ¶This command reads a list of marks for an existing topic in the minibuffer.
Marks are like labels except that they are not shared with anyone
else. To create a mark that topics can subsequently be marked with
use the command forge-create-mark. Existing marks can be edited
using the command forge-edit-mark.
forge-edit-topic-assignees) ¶This command reads a list of assignees for an existing topic in the minibuffer.
forge-edit-topic-review-requests) ¶This command reads a list of people who you would like to review an existing topic in the minibuffer.
This lets you edit your private note about a topic.
forge-delete-comment) ¶This command deletes the comment at point.
forge-merge) ¶This command merges the current pull-request using the forge’s API. If there is no current pull-request or with a prefix argument, then it reads a pull-request to visit instead.
The "merge method" to be used is read from the user.
Use of this command is discouraged. Unless the remote repository is configured to disallow that, you should instead merge locally and then push the target branch. Forges detect that you have done that and respond by automatically marking the pull-request as merged.
Creating a new post and editing an existing post are similar to creating a new commit and editing the message of an existing commit. In both cases the message has to be written in a separate buffer and then the process has to be finished or canceled using a separate command.
The following commands are available in buffers used to edit posts:
forge-post-submit) ¶This command submits the post that is being edited in the current buffer.
forge-post-cancel) ¶This command cancels the post that is being edited in the current buffer.
forge-post-dispatch) ¶This prefix command features the above two commands as suffixes, and when creating a pull-request also the following command. More suffix commands will likely be added in the future.
forge-post-toggle-draft) ¶This command toggles whether the pull-request being created is a draft.
Previous: Working with Topics, Up: Usage [Contents][Index]
forge-fork) ¶This command adds an additional remote to the current repository. The remote can either point at an existing repository or one that has to be created first by forking it to an account the user has access to.
Currently this only supports Github and Gitlab.
forge-add-repository) ¶This command reads a repository from the user and adds it to the
database. The repository can be provided as a URL, a name, or in
the form OWNER/NAME. This is subject to magit-clone-name-alist.
This command offers to either pull topics (now and in the future) or
to only pull individual topics when the user invokes
forge-pull-topic.
forge-toggle-display-in-status-buffer) ¶This command toggles whether any topics are displayed in the current Magit status buffer.
forge-toggle-closed-visibility) ¶This command toggles whether closed topics are shown in the Magit status buffer.
This command reads a host and a username from the user and adds all of that user’s repositories on that host to the local database.
This may take a while. Only Github is supported at the moment.
This command reads a host and an organization from the user and adds all the organization’s repositories on that host to the local database.
This may take a while. Only Github is supported at the moment.
This command reads a repository and removes it from the local database.
This command reads a topic and removes it from the local database. The topic is not removed from the forge and, if it is later modified, then it will be added to the database again.
Due to how the supported APIs work, it would be too expensive to automatically remove topics from the local database that were removed from the forge. The only purpose of this command is to allow you to manually clean up the local database.
This command moves the current database file to the trash and creates a new empty database.
This is useful after the database’s table schemata have changed, which will happen a few times while the Forge functionality is still under heavy development.
Next: Keystroke Index, Previous: Usage, Up: Forge User and Developer Manual [Contents][Index]
This section lists some frequently asked questions. Please also see https://github.com/magit/forge/wiki/FAQ for an extended list of common issues.
error in process filter: HTTP Error: 502, "Bad gateway"Yes. M-x forge-add-repository offers to add a repository to the
database without also fetching all pull-requests and issues.
Previous: Is it possible to create a single pull-request without pulling everything?, Up: FAQ [Contents][Index]
error in process filter: HTTP Error: 502, "Bad gateway"This is a frequently occurring error. Adding some formatting the full error is:
error in process filter: ghub--signal-error: HTTP Error: 502,
"Bad gateway", "/graphql",
((data . "null")
(errors ((message . "Something went wrong while executing your query.
This may be the result of a timeout, or it could be a GitHub bug.
Please include `CC2C:4FEA:A1771C1:CBF40CE:5C33F7E5`
when reporting this issue."))))
This indicates that something went wrong within Github’s network. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes#5xx_server_errors. The appended error message also says as much: "This may be the result of a timeout, or it could be a GitHub bug."
It appears that this happens more often in big repositories, especially during the initial pull, but this may be an illusion; it is known to also happens for smaller, incremental requests.
I believe that more data just means more requests and thus more opportunities for things to go wrong. It seems unlikely that this is due to us requesting too much data at once (in that case we would get a different error from GraphQL, not HTTP). When fetching lots of data, then we do not request one large response but make many requests and we then collect the many responses (pagination forces us to do that).
The timeout may be due to many requests from other people arriving at some Github-internal bottleneck at the same time, or it may be due to cold caches and overly aggressive timeouts. We just don’t know; it’s their infrastructure.
The second problem is that we currently simply error out if we get this error. This could be changed and eventually it will be, but for the time being your only option is to just try again, possibly repeatedly and possibly after a delay to give whatever congestion may exist on the other end a chance to clear or to give their caches a chance to warm up.
This was also discussed in https://github.com/magit/forge/issues/20 and https://github.com/magit/ghub/issues/83.
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